Offences

Fraud under Canadian criminal law is more than lying or breaking a promise. It requires dishonest conduct that causes deprivation — or risk of deprivation — to another person, combined with the accused's knowledge that the conduct is dishonest.

Crypto fraud covers dishonest conduct involving digital assets — rug pulls, exchange collapses, wallet phishing, and laundering through mixers.

Section 8 of the Charter protects against unreasonable search and seizure. Canadian courts have developed a rich framework for when warrants are required and when warrantless searches are permitted.

Production orders compel third parties to produce documents or data to investigators. They are a core tool in modern financial and digital investigations.

Mr. Big operations are a Canadian-developed undercover technique used to elicit confessions. The Supreme Court tightened admissibility in R v Hart.

Money laundering targets the proceeds of crime, criminalizing the use, transfer, or concealment of property obtained through designated offences.