Canadian Case Law

Set out the modern two-element test for fraud: dishonest act + deprivation, with subjective knowledge of both.

Risk of economic loss is sufficient — actual loss is not required.

Reckless, dishonest business conduct can constitute fraud, even without active deceit.

Fraud is made out where dishonest conduct puts the victim's economic interests at risk, even if no individual victim relied on the deceit.

Recognized that fraud and conspiracy to defraud can be made out through an agreement or course of dishonest conduct affecting property and economic interests, not only through isolated false statements.

Subscriber information attracts a reasonable expectation of privacy.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to tax-related deception and the public treasury as an economic interest.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to extradition and tax fraud allegations involving public revenue.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud mens rea and accused knowledge.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to knowledge and dishonest conduct in fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud proof and state of mind.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to wilful blindness and knowledge in fraud analysis.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to recklessness and awareness of risk.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud mens rea and accused knowledge.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud, knowledge, and wilful blindness.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud and the accused's subjective state of mind.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to dupe defence and innocent participation in fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud participation and accused knowledge.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to civil dispute, accused explanation, and fraud proof.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to debt collection and dishonest means.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud, causation, and deprivation.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to debt-related conduct and fraud analysis.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud and self-help collection issues.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud and accused justification.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to sharp practice does not automatically equal fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to business conduct and fraud analysis.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to civil/commercial context and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to business dealings and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud and commercial conduct.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to meaning of deceit in fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to falsehood and accused knowledge.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to fraud proof through representations and records.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to false representations and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to use of funds for a purpose other than represented.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to victim carelessness and false representation.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to relationship-based deception and victim trust.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to false claims and institutional victim reliance.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to false invoices and whether work was actually done.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to false accounting records and fraud proof.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to document-heavy fraud proof.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to social assistance fraud and false benefit information.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to accused knowledge and welfare fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to government records and fraud proof.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to misrepresentation of an investment opportunity.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to investor interests and economic prejudice.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to financial misrepresentation and risk of economic prejudice.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to repair or service misrepresentation.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to consumer misrepresentation and vehicle sales.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to personal or unauthorized use of company assets.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to corporate asset misuse and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to corporate control and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to corporate obligations and criminal fraud analysis.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to use only if uploaded or otherwise available.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to material non-disclosure and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to non-disclosure and fraud analysis.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to limits of fraud by silence.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to duty to disclose and material omission.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to diversion of funds or property and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to economic deprivation and risk.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to scc treatment of deprivation issues.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to economic risk and fraud.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to victim decision-making and deprivation.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to risk arising when assets are transferred.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to accused need not personally obtain the property.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to real and substantial connection for jurisdiction.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to use only if uploaded or otherwise available.

Applied Canadian fraud principles to direction from a superior and fraud responsibility.